Title |
GM-CSF increases LPS-induced production of proinflammatory mediators via upregulation of TLR4 and CD14 in murine microglia
|
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Published in |
Journal of Neuroinflammation, December 2012
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DOI | 10.1186/1742-2094-9-268 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Bijay Parajuli, Yoshifumi Sonobe, Jun Kawanokuchi, Yukiko Doi, Mariko Noda, Hideyuki Takeuchi, Tetsuya Mizuno, Akio Suzumura |
Abstract |
Microglia are resident macrophage-like cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and cause innate immune responses via the LPS receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and CD14, in a variety of neuroinflammatory disorders including bacterial infection, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) activates microglia and induces inflammatory responses via binding to GM-CSF receptor complex composed of two different subunit GM-CSF receptor α (GM-CSFRα) and common β chain (βc). GM-CSF has been shown to be associated with neuroinflammatory responses in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanisms how GM-CSF promotes neuroinflammation still remain unclear. |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 4 | 3% |
Spain | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 142 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 38 | 26% |
Student > Master | 23 | 16% |
Researcher | 18 | 12% |
Student > Bachelor | 17 | 12% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 7 | 5% |
Other | 13 | 9% |
Unknown | 31 | 21% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 30 | 20% |
Neuroscience | 21 | 14% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 16 | 11% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 15 | 10% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 12 | 8% |
Other | 12 | 8% |
Unknown | 41 | 28% |