Title |
Human milk metagenome: a functional capacity analysis
|
---|---|
Published in |
BMC Microbiology, May 2013
|
DOI | 10.1186/1471-2180-13-116 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Tonya L Ward, Sergey Hosid, Ilya Ioshikhes, Illimar Altosaar |
Abstract |
Human milk contains a diverse population of bacteria that likely influences colonization of the infant gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies, however, have been limited to characterization of this microbial community by 16S rRNA analysis. In the present study, a metagenomic approach using Illumina sequencing of a pooled milk sample (ten donors) was employed to determine the genera of bacteria and the types of bacterial open reading frames in human milk that may influence bacterial establishment and stability in this primal food matrix. The human milk metagenome was also compared to that of breast-fed and formula-fed infants' feces (n = 5, each) and mothers' feces (n = 3) at the phylum level and at a functional level using open reading frame abundance. Additionally, immune-modulatory bacterial-DNA motifs were also searched for within human milk. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 8 | 25% |
United Kingdom | 3 | 9% |
Canada | 2 | 6% |
Cameroon | 1 | 3% |
Ireland | 1 | 3% |
Peru | 1 | 3% |
Netherlands | 1 | 3% |
Mexico | 1 | 3% |
France | 1 | 3% |
Other | 0 | 0% |
Unknown | 13 | 41% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 20 | 63% |
Scientists | 7 | 22% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 5 | 16% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Brazil | 3 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 3 | <1% |
Canada | 2 | <1% |
United States | 2 | <1% |
Italy | 1 | <1% |
Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
Nigeria | 1 | <1% |
Argentina | 1 | <1% |
Japan | 1 | <1% |
Other | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 340 | 96% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 65 | 18% |
Researcher | 60 | 17% |
Student > Master | 48 | 13% |
Student > Bachelor | 39 | 11% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 20 | 6% |
Other | 63 | 18% |
Unknown | 61 | 17% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 109 | 31% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 50 | 14% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 44 | 12% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 26 | 7% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 10 | 3% |
Other | 43 | 12% |
Unknown | 74 | 21% |