Title |
Pathology and tissue tropism of natural West Nile virus infection in birds: a review
|
---|---|
Published in |
Veterinary Research, June 2013
|
DOI | 10.1186/1297-9716-44-39 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Virginia Gamino, Ursula Höfle |
Abstract |
West Nile virus (WNV) is a globally distributed arthropod-borne flavivirus capable of infecting a wide variety of vertebrates, with birds as its natural reservoir. Although it had been considered a pathogen of little importance for birds, from the 1990's, and especially after its introduction in the North American continent in 1999, thousands of birds have succumbed to West Nile infection. This review summarizes the pathogenesis and pathology of WNV infection in birds highlighting differences in lesion and antigen distribution and severity among bird orders and families. Despite significant species differences in susceptibility to infection, WNV associated lesions and viral antigen are present in the majority of organs of infected birds. The non-progressive, acute or more prolonged course of the disease accounts for part of the differences in lesion and viral antigen distribution and lesion severity. Most likely a combination of host variables and environmental factors in addition to the intrinsic virulence and pathogenicity of the infecting WNV strain influence the pathogenesis of the infection. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 1 | 17% |
Spain | 1 | 17% |
United States | 1 | 17% |
Argentina | 1 | 17% |
Unknown | 2 | 33% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 5 | 83% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 17% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 149 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 30 | 20% |
Researcher | 27 | 18% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 14 | 9% |
Student > Master | 12 | 8% |
Student > Bachelor | 11 | 7% |
Other | 27 | 18% |
Unknown | 30 | 20% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 39 | 26% |
Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine | 32 | 21% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 14 | 9% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 11 | 7% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 7 | 5% |
Other | 12 | 8% |
Unknown | 36 | 24% |