Title |
Milk is not just food but most likely a genetic transfection system activating mTORC1 signaling for postnatal growth
|
---|---|
Published in |
Nutrition Journal, July 2013
|
DOI | 10.1186/1475-2891-12-103 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Bodo C Melnik, Swen Malte John, Gerd Schmitz |
Abstract |
Milk has been recognized to represent a functionally active nutrient system promoting neonatal growth of mammals. Cell growth is regulated by the nutrient-sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). There is still a lack of information on the mechanisms of mTORC1 up-regulation by milk consumption. This review presents milk as a materno-neonatal relay system functioning by transfer of preferential amino acids, which increase plasma levels of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) for mTORC1 activation. Importantly, milk exosomes, which regularly contain microRNA-21, most likely represent a genetic transfection system enhancing mTORC1-driven metabolic processes. Whereas human breast milk is the ideal food for infants allowing appropriate postnatal growth and species-specific metabolic programming, persistent high milk signaling during adolescence and adulthood by continued cow´s milk consumption may promote mTORC1-driven diseases of civilization. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 5 | 11% |
Spain | 4 | 9% |
United States | 4 | 9% |
Italy | 2 | 5% |
Portugal | 1 | 2% |
Brazil | 1 | 2% |
France | 1 | 2% |
Germany | 1 | 2% |
Finland | 1 | 2% |
Other | 7 | 16% |
Unknown | 17 | 39% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 29 | 66% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 9 | 20% |
Scientists | 6 | 14% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Portugal | 1 | <1% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
Netherlands | 1 | <1% |
France | 1 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Canada | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 268 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 52 | 19% |
Student > Bachelor | 44 | 16% |
Student > Master | 39 | 14% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 33 | 12% |
Other | 16 | 6% |
Other | 44 | 16% |
Unknown | 46 | 17% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 74 | 27% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 54 | 20% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 37 | 14% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 30 | 11% |
Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine | 4 | 1% |
Other | 25 | 9% |
Unknown | 50 | 18% |