Title |
Plant genome editing made easy: targeted mutagenesis in model and crop plants using the CRISPR/Cas system
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Published in |
Plant Methods, October 2013
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DOI | 10.1186/1746-4811-9-39 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Khaoula Belhaj, Angela Chaparro-Garcia, Sophien Kamoun, Vladimir Nekrasov |
Abstract |
Targeted genome engineering (also known as genome editing) has emerged as an alternative to classical plant breeding and transgenic (GMO) methods to improve crop plants. Until recently, available tools for introducing site-specific double strand DNA breaks were restricted to zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and TAL effector nucleases (TALENs). However, these technologies have not been widely adopted by the plant research community due to complicated design and laborious assembly of specific DNA binding proteins for each target gene. Recently, an easier method has emerged based on the bacterial type II CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) immune system. The CRISPR/Cas system allows targeted cleavage of genomic DNA guided by a customizable small noncoding RNA, resulting in gene modifications by both non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms. In this review we summarize and discuss recent applications of the CRISPR/Cas technology in plants. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United Kingdom | 15 | 25% |
United States | 5 | 8% |
Canada | 2 | 3% |
Germany | 2 | 3% |
Japan | 2 | 3% |
Australia | 2 | 3% |
Spain | 1 | 2% |
Curaçao | 1 | 2% |
Austria | 1 | 2% |
Other | 5 | 8% |
Unknown | 23 | 39% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 34 | 58% |
Scientists | 21 | 36% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 3 | 5% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 2% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 22 | 1% |
France | 8 | <1% |
Netherlands | 4 | <1% |
Germany | 4 | <1% |
Spain | 4 | <1% |
Brazil | 4 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 4 | <1% |
India | 3 | <1% |
Portugal | 2 | <1% |
Other | 32 | 2% |
Unknown | 1600 | 95% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 382 | 23% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 367 | 22% |
Student > Master | 229 | 14% |
Student > Bachelor | 186 | 11% |
Student > Postgraduate | 66 | 4% |
Other | 239 | 14% |
Unknown | 218 | 13% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 1022 | 61% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 326 | 19% |
Environmental Science | 19 | 1% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 10 | <1% |
Chemistry | 9 | <1% |
Other | 52 | 3% |
Unknown | 249 | 15% |