A novel mechanism for variable phenotypic expressivity in Mendelian diseases uncovered by an AU-rich element (ARE)-creating mutation

Nisha Patel, Arif O. Khan, Maher Al-Saif, Walid N. Moghrabi, Balsam M. AlMaarik, Niema Ibrahim, Firdous Abdulwahab, Mais Hashem, Tarfa Alshidi, Eman Alobeid, Rana A. Alomar, Saad Al-Harbi, Mohamed Abouelhoda, Khalid S. A. Khabar, Fowzan S. Alkuraya

Variable expressivity is a well-known phenomenon in which patients with mutations in one gene display varying degrees of clinical severity, potentially displaying only subsets of the clinical manifestations associated with the multisystem disorder linked to the gene. This remains an incompletely understood phenomenon with proposed mechanisms ranging from allele-specific to stochastic. We report three consanguineous families in which an isolated ocular phenotype is linked to a novel 3' UTR mutation in SLC4A4, a gene known to be mutated in a syndromic form of intellectual disability with renal and ocular involvement. Although SLC4A4 is normally devoid of AU-rich elements (AREs), a 3' UTR motif that mediates post-transcriptional control of a subset of genes, the mutation we describe creates a functional ARE. We observe a marked reduction in the transcript level of SLC4A4 in patient cells. Experimental confirmation of the ARE-creating mutation is shown using a post-transcriptional reporter system that reveals consistent reduction in the mRNA-half life and reporter activity. Moreover, the neo-ARE binds and responds to the zinc finger protein ZFP36/TTP, an ARE-mRNA decay-promoting protein. This novel mutational mechanism for a Mendelian disease expands the potential mechanisms that underlie variable phenotypic expressivity in humans to also include 3' UTR mutations with tissue-specific pathology.