Title |
Leukemoid reaction and autocrine growth of bladder cancer induced by paraneoplastic production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor – a potential neoplastic marker: a case report and review of the literature
|
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Published in |
Journal of Medical Case Reports, May 2014
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DOI | 10.1186/1752-1947-8-147 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Anup Kasi Loknath Kumar, Megha Teeka Satyan, Jeffrey Holzbeierlein, Moben Mirza, Peter Van Veldhuizen |
Abstract |
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor produced by nonhematopoietic malignant cells is able to induce a leukemoid reaction by excessive stimulation of leukocyte production. Expression of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and its functional receptors have been confirmed in bladder cancer cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor/receptor exhibits a high affinity binding and this biological axis increases proliferation of the carcinoma. Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is rarely associated with a leukemoid reaction and autocrine growth induced by paraneoplastic production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. In the world literature, there have been less than 35 cases reported in the last 35 years. The clinicopathological aspects, biology, prognosis and management of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-secreting bladder cancers are poorly understood. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Unknown | 19 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Student > Master | 4 | 21% |
Researcher | 3 | 16% |
Other | 2 | 11% |
Professor | 2 | 11% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 2 | 11% |
Other | 4 | 21% |
Unknown | 2 | 11% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Medicine and Dentistry | 11 | 58% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 1 | 5% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 1 | 5% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 1 | 5% |
Business, Management and Accounting | 1 | 5% |
Other | 0 | 0% |
Unknown | 4 | 21% |