Title |
Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells - a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life
|
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Published in |
Frontiers in Zoology, December 2009
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DOI | 10.1186/1742-9994-6-28 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Katharina Händeler, Yvonne P Grzymbowski, Patrick J Krug, Heike Wägele |
Abstract |
Among metazoans, retention of functional diet-derived chloroplasts (kleptoplasty) is known only from the sea slug taxon Sacoglossa (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). Intracellular maintenance of plastids in the slug's digestive epithelium has long attracted interest given its implications for understanding the evolution of endosymbiosis. However, photosynthetic ability varies widely among sacoglossans; some species have no plastid retention while others survive for months solely on photosynthesis. We present a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Sacoglossa and a survey of kleptoplasty from representatives of all major clades. We sought to quantify variation in photosynthetic ability among lineages, identify phylogenetic origins of plastid retention, and assess whether kleptoplasty was a key character in the radiation of the Sacoglossa. |
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Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Chile | 3 | 15% |
Brazil | 1 | 5% |
Argentina | 1 | 5% |
Colombia | 1 | 5% |
India | 1 | 5% |
Spain | 1 | 5% |
Unknown | 12 | 60% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 17 | 85% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 2 | 10% |
Scientists | 1 | 5% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 4 | 2% |
Germany | 3 | 1% |
Brazil | 2 | <1% |
Malaysia | 1 | <1% |
New Zealand | 1 | <1% |
Czechia | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 195 | 94% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 38 | 18% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 36 | 17% |
Student > Master | 36 | 17% |
Researcher | 29 | 14% |
Professor | 11 | 5% |
Other | 28 | 14% |
Unknown | 29 | 14% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 122 | 59% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 24 | 12% |
Environmental Science | 11 | 5% |
Earth and Planetary Sciences | 5 | 2% |
Chemistry | 4 | 2% |
Other | 14 | 7% |
Unknown | 27 | 13% |