Title |
Rheumatoid arthritis and smoking: putting the pieces together
|
---|---|
Published in |
Arthritis Research & Therapy, August 2009
|
DOI | 10.1186/ar2751 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Zsuzsanna Baka, Edit Buzás, György Nagy |
Abstract |
Besides atherosclerosis and lung cancer, smoking is considered to play a major role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. It has long been known that there is a connection between rheumatoid factor-positive rheumatoid arthritis and cigarette smoking. Recently, an important gene-environment interaction has been revealed; that is, carrying specific HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding the shared epitope and smoking establish a significant risk for anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis. We summarize how smoking-related alteration of the cytokine balance, the increased risk of infections (the possibility of cross-reactivity) and modifications of autoantigens by citrullination may contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Colombia | 4 | 2% |
India | 1 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Japan | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Poland | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 159 | 95% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Master | 25 | 15% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 23 | 14% |
Student > Bachelor | 23 | 14% |
Student > Postgraduate | 18 | 11% |
Researcher | 17 | 10% |
Other | 27 | 16% |
Unknown | 35 | 21% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 57 | 34% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 16 | 10% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 10 | 6% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 9 | 5% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 9 | 5% |
Other | 25 | 15% |
Unknown | 42 | 25% |