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Nucleotide heterogeneity at the terminal ends of the genomes of two California Citrus tristeza virus strains and their complete genome sequence analysis

Overview of attention for article published in Virology Journal, September 2018
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Title
Nucleotide heterogeneity at the terminal ends of the genomes of two California Citrus tristeza virus strains and their complete genome sequence analysis
Published in
Virology Journal, September 2018
DOI 10.1186/s12985-018-1041-4
Pubmed ID
Authors

Angel Y. S. Chen, Shizu Watanabe, Raymond Yokomi, James C. K. Ng

Abstract

The non-translated regions at the genome ends of RNA viruses serve diverse functions and can exhibit various levels of nucleotide (nt) heterogeneity. However, the extent of nt heterogeneity at the extreme termini of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) genomes has not been comprehensively documented. This study aimed to characterize two widely prevalent CTV genotypes, T36-CA and T30-CA, from California that have not been sequenced or analyzed substantially. The information obtained will be used in our ongoing effort to construct the infectious complementary (c) DNA clones of these viruses. The terminal nts of the viral genomes were identified by sequencing cDNA clones of the plus- and/or minus-strand of the viral double-stranded (ds) RNAs generated using 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Cloned cDNAs corresponding to the complete genome sequences of both viruses were generated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions, sequenced, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Among the predominant terminal nts identified, some were identical to the consensus sequences in GenBank, while others were different or unique. Remarkably, one of the predominant 5' nt variants of T36-CA contained the consensus nts "AATTTCAAA" in which a highly conserved cytidylate, seen in all other full-length T36 sequences, was absent. As expected, but never systematically verified before, unique variants with additional nt (s) incorporated upstream of the 5' terminal consensus nts of T36-CA and T30-CA were also identified. In contrast to the extreme 5' terminal nts, those at the extreme 3' termini of T36-CA and T30-CA were more conserved compared to the reference sequences, although nt variants were also found. Notably, an additional thymidylate at the extreme 3' end was identified in many T36-CA sequences. Finally, based on pairwise comparisons and phylogenetic analysis with multiple reference sequences, the complete sequences of both viruses were found to be highly conserved with those of the respective genotypes. The extreme terminal nts in the T36-CA and T30-CA genomes were identified, revealing new insights on the heterogeneity of these CTV genomic regions. T36-CA and T30-CA were the first and the second genotypes, respectively, of CTV originating from California to be completely sequenced and analyzed.

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Geographical breakdown

Country Count As %
Unknown 7 100%

Demographic breakdown

Readers by professional status Count As %
Student > Ph. D. Student 2 29%
Unspecified 1 14%
Researcher 1 14%
Student > Doctoral Student 1 14%
Unknown 2 29%
Readers by discipline Count As %
Unspecified 1 14%
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 1 14%
Agricultural and Biological Sciences 1 14%
Psychology 1 14%
Social Sciences 1 14%
Other 0 0%
Unknown 2 29%
Attention Score in Context

Attention Score in Context

This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 2. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 24 September 2018.
All research outputs
#15,018,906
of 23,103,436 outputs
Outputs from Virology Journal
#1,838
of 3,071 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#201,864
of 337,900 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Virology Journal
#21
of 50 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 23,103,436 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 32nd percentile – i.e., 32% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 3,071 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 25.8. This one is in the 35th percentile – i.e., 35% of its peers scored the same or lower than it.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 337,900 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one is in the 37th percentile – i.e., 37% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.
We're also able to compare this research output to 50 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 50% of its contemporaries.