Infant siblings and the investigation of autism risk factors

Craig J Newschaffer, Lisa A Croen, M Daniele Fallin, Irva Hertz-Picciotto, Danh V Nguyen, Nora L Lee, Carmen A Berry, Homayoon Farzadegan, H Nicole Hess, Rebecca J Landa, Susan E Levy, Maria L Massolo, Stacey C Meyerer, Sandra M Mohammed, McKenzie C Oliver, Sally Ozonoff, Juhi Pandey, Adam Schroeder, Kristine M Shedd-Wise

Infant sibling studies have been at the vanguard of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) research over the past decade, providing important new knowledge about the earliest emerging signs of ASD and expanding our understanding of the developmental course of this complex disorder. Studies focused on siblings of children with ASD also have unrealized potential for contributing to ASD etiologic research. Moving targeted time of enrollment back from infancy toward conception creates tremendous opportunities for optimally studying risk factors and risk biomarkers during the pre-, peri- and neonatal periods. By doing so, a traditional sibling study, which already incorporates close developmental follow-up of at-risk infants through the third year of life, is essentially reconfigured as an enriched-risk pregnancy cohort study. This review considers the enriched-risk pregnancy cohort approach of studying infant siblings in the context of current thinking on ASD etiologic mechanisms. It then discusses the key features of this approach and provides a description of the design and implementation strategy of one major ASD enriched-risk pregnancy cohort study: the Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation (EARLI).