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Delayed diagnosis of X-linked agammaglobulinaemia in a boy with recurrent meningitis

Overview of attention for article published in BMC Neurology, December 2019
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  • Above-average Attention Score compared to outputs of the same age and source (60th percentile)

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Title
Delayed diagnosis of X-linked agammaglobulinaemia in a boy with recurrent meningitis
Published in
BMC Neurology, December 2019
DOI 10.1186/s12883-019-1536-7
Pubmed ID
Authors

Ya-Ni Zhang, Yuan-Yuan Gao, Si-Da Yang, Bin-Bin Cao, Ke-Lu Zheng, Ping Wei, Lian-Feng Chen, Wen-Xiong Chen

Abstract

X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) is a rare inherited primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by the B cell developmental defect, caused by mutations in the gene coding for Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), which may cause serious recurrent infections. The diagnosis of XLA is sometimes challenging because a few number of patients have higher levels of serum immunoglobulins than expected. In this study, we reported an atypical case with recurrent meningitis, delayed diagnosis with XLA by genetic analysis at the second episode of meningitis at the age of 8 years. An 8-year-old Chinese boy presented with fever, dizziness and recurrent vomiting for 3 days. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results were suggestive of bacterial meningoencephalitis, despite the negative gram staining and cultures of the CSF. The patient was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and responded well to the treatment. He had history of another episode of acute pneumococci meningitis 4 years before. The respective level of Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) was 4.85 g/L, 0.93 g/L and 0.1 g/L at 1st episode, whereas 1.9 g/L, 0.27 g/L and 0 g/L at second episode. The B lymphocytes were 0.21 and 0.06% of peripheral blood lymphocytes at first and second episode respectively. Sequencing of the BTK coding regions showed that the patient had a point mutation in the intron 14, hemizyous c.1349 + 5G > A, while his mother had a heterozygous mutation. It was a splice site mutation predicted to lead to exon skipping and cause a truncated BTK protein. Immunity function should be routinely checked in patients with severe intracranial bacterial infection. Absence of B cells even with normal level of serum immunoglobulin suggests the possibility of XLA, although this happens only in rare instances. Mutational analysis of BTK gene is crucial for accurate diagnosis to atypical patients with XLA.

X Demographics

X Demographics

The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 9 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Mendeley readers

Mendeley readers

The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 21 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.

Geographical breakdown

Country Count As %
Unknown 21 100%

Demographic breakdown

Readers by professional status Count As %
Student > Postgraduate 5 24%
Student > Ph. D. Student 3 14%
Other 2 10%
Student > Doctoral Student 2 10%
Student > Master 1 5%
Other 1 5%
Unknown 7 33%
Readers by discipline Count As %
Medicine and Dentistry 5 24%
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 4 19%
Agricultural and Biological Sciences 1 5%
Sports and Recreations 1 5%
Psychology 1 5%
Other 0 0%
Unknown 9 43%
Attention Score in Context

Attention Score in Context

This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 5. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 15 December 2019.
All research outputs
#7,113,344
of 24,878,531 outputs
Outputs from BMC Neurology
#842
of 2,651 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#145,677
of 471,745 outputs
Outputs of similar age from BMC Neurology
#26
of 64 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 24,878,531 research outputs across all sources so far. This one has received more attention than most of these and is in the 71st percentile.
So far Altmetric has tracked 2,651 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 7.2. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 68% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 471,745 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 68% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 64 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 60% of its contemporaries.