Title |
What is memory? The present state of the engram
|
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Published in |
BMC Biology, May 2016
|
DOI | 10.1186/s12915-016-0261-6 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Mu-ming Poo, Michele Pignatelli, Tomás J. Ryan, Susumu Tonegawa, Tobias Bonhoeffer, Kelsey C. Martin, Andrii Rudenko, Li-Huei Tsai, Richard W. Tsien, Gord Fishell, Caitlin Mullins, J. Tiago Gonçalves, Matthew Shtrahman, Stephen T. Johnston, Fred H. Gage, Yang Dan, John Long, György Buzsáki, Charles Stevens |
Abstract |
The mechanism of memory remains one of the great unsolved problems of biology. Grappling with the question more than a hundred years ago, the German zoologist Richard Semon formulated the concept of the engram, lasting connections in the brain that result from simultaneous "excitations", whose precise physical nature and consequences were out of reach of the biology of his day. Neuroscientists now have the knowledge and tools to tackle this question, however, and this Forum brings together leading contemporary views on the mechanisms of memory and what the engram means today. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 18 | 18% |
Germany | 5 | 5% |
France | 4 | 4% |
United Kingdom | 4 | 4% |
Japan | 4 | 4% |
Ireland | 3 | 3% |
Belgium | 3 | 3% |
Italy | 3 | 3% |
Canada | 2 | 2% |
Other | 18 | 18% |
Unknown | 35 | 35% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 64 | 65% |
Scientists | 30 | 30% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 3 | 3% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 2 | 2% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 8 | <1% |
France | 5 | <1% |
Germany | 4 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 4 | <1% |
Brazil | 2 | <1% |
Hungary | 1 | <1% |
Canada | 1 | <1% |
Austria | 1 | <1% |
Denmark | 1 | <1% |
Other | 3 | <1% |
Unknown | 1149 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 273 | 23% |
Researcher | 192 | 16% |
Student > Bachelor | 164 | 14% |
Student > Master | 125 | 11% |
Professor | 56 | 5% |
Other | 174 | 15% |
Unknown | 195 | 17% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Neuroscience | 402 | 34% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 207 | 18% |
Psychology | 74 | 6% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 71 | 6% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 65 | 6% |
Other | 138 | 12% |
Unknown | 222 | 19% |