Title |
The respiratory control mechanisms in the brainstem and spinal cord: integrative views of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology
|
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Published in |
The Journal of Physiological Sciences, August 2016
|
DOI | 10.1007/s12576-016-0475-y |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Keiko Ikeda, Kiyoshi Kawakami, Hiroshi Onimaru, Yasumasa Okada, Shigefumi Yokota, Naohiro Koshiya, Yoshitaka Oku, Makito Iizuka, Hidehiko Koizumi |
Abstract |
Respiratory activities are produced by medullary respiratory rhythm generators and are modulated from various sites in the lower brainstem, and which are then output as motor activities through premotor efferent networks in the brainstem and spinal cord. Over the past few decades, new knowledge has been accumulated on the anatomical and physiological mechanisms underlying the generation and regulation of respiratory rhythm. In this review, we focus on the recent findings and attempt to elucidate the anatomical and functional mechanisms underlying respiratory control in the lower brainstem and spinal cord. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 3 | 43% |
Japan | 2 | 29% |
Unknown | 2 | 29% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 6 | 86% |
Scientists | 1 | 14% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 1 | <1% |
Brazil | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 276 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Student > Bachelor | 43 | 15% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 36 | 13% |
Student > Master | 23 | 8% |
Researcher | 17 | 6% |
Other | 16 | 6% |
Other | 43 | 15% |
Unknown | 100 | 36% |
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Neuroscience | 43 | 15% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 16 | 6% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 16 | 6% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 8 | 3% |
Other | 33 | 12% |
Unknown | 112 | 40% |