Title |
Acquisition and loss of virulence-associated factors during genome evolution and speciation in three clades of Bordetella species
|
---|---|
Published in |
BMC Genomics, September 2016
|
DOI | 10.1186/s12864-016-3112-5 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Bodo Linz, Yury V. Ivanov, Andrew Preston, Lauren Brinkac, Julian Parkhill, Maria Kim, Simon R. Harris, Laura L. Goodfield, Norman K. Fry, Andrew R. Gorringe, Tracy L. Nicholson, Karen B. Register, Liliana Losada, Eric T. Harvill |
Abstract |
The genus Bordetella consists of nine species that include important respiratory pathogens such as the 'classical' species B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis and B. parapertussis and six more distantly related and less extensively studied species. Here we analyze sequence diversity and gene content of 128 genome sequences from all nine species with focus on the evolution of virulence-associated factors. Both genome-wide sequence-based and gene content-based phylogenetic trees divide the genus into three species clades. The phylogenies are congruent between species suggesting genus-wide co-evolution of sequence diversity and gene content, but less correlated within species, mainly because of strain-specific presence of many different prophages. We compared the genomes with focus on virulence-associated genes and identified multiple clade-specific, species-specific and strain-specific events of gene acquisition and gene loss, including genes encoding O-antigens, protein secretion systems and bacterial toxins. Gene loss was more frequent than gene gain throughout the evolution, and loss of hundreds of genes was associated with the origin of several species, including the recently evolved human-restricted B. pertussis and B. holmesii, B. parapertussis and the avian pathogen B. avium. Acquisition and loss of multiple genes drive the evolution and speciation in the genus Bordetella, including large scale gene loss associated with the origin of several species. Recent loss and functional inactivation of genes, including those encoding pertussis vaccine components and bacterial toxins, in individual strains emphasize ongoing evolution. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 1 | 17% |
France | 1 | 17% |
Unknown | 4 | 67% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 5 | 83% |
Scientists | 1 | 17% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 1 | 2% |
France | 1 | 2% |
Unknown | 60 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 12 | 19% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 11 | 18% |
Student > Bachelor | 10 | 16% |
Professor | 4 | 6% |
Other | 3 | 5% |
Other | 4 | 6% |
Unknown | 18 | 29% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 13 | 21% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 12 | 19% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 11 | 18% |
Chemical Engineering | 2 | 3% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 2 | 3% |
Other | 2 | 3% |
Unknown | 20 | 32% |