Title |
Early Miocene origin and cryptic diversification of South American salamanders
|
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Published in |
BMC Ecology and Evolution, March 2013
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DOI | 10.1186/1471-2148-13-59 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Kathryn R Elmer, Ronald M Bonett, David B Wake, Stephen C Lougheed |
Abstract |
The currently recognized species richness of South American salamanders is surprisingly low compared to North and Central America. In part, this low richness may be due to the salamanders being a recent arrival to South America. Additionally, the number of South American salamander species may be underestimated because of cryptic diversity. The aims of our present study were to infer evolutionary relationships, lineage diversity, and timing of divergence of the South American Bolitoglossa using mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data from specimens primarily from localities in the Andes and upper Amazon Basin. We also estimated time of colonization of South America to test whether it is consistent with arrival via the Panamanian Isthmus, or land bridge connection, at its traditionally assumed age of 3 million years. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 4 | 31% |
Colombia | 3 | 23% |
Brazil | 2 | 15% |
Mexico | 1 | 8% |
Chile | 1 | 8% |
Ecuador | 1 | 8% |
Unknown | 1 | 8% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 9 | 69% |
Scientists | 3 | 23% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 8% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 3 | 2% |
Colombia | 2 | 1% |
United Kingdom | 2 | 1% |
Brazil | 2 | 1% |
Portugal | 1 | <1% |
Peru | 1 | <1% |
France | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 153 | 93% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 30 | 18% |
Researcher | 26 | 16% |
Student > Master | 25 | 15% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 22 | 13% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 15 | 9% |
Other | 25 | 15% |
Unknown | 22 | 13% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 105 | 64% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 13 | 8% |
Environmental Science | 8 | 5% |
Earth and Planetary Sciences | 4 | 2% |
Social Sciences | 2 | 1% |
Other | 10 | 6% |
Unknown | 23 | 14% |