Title |
Are healthy smokers really healthy?
|
---|---|
Published in |
Tobacco Induced Diseases, November 2016
|
DOI | 10.1186/s12971-016-0101-z |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Zijing Zhou, Ping Chen, Hong Peng |
Abstract |
Cigarette smoke contains more than 4500 chemicals which have toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Strong evidences have shown that current smokers take a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer than nonsmokers. However, less attention has been paid to the smoking induced abnormalities in the individuals defined as healthy smokers who are normal with spirometry, radiographic images, routine physical exam and categorized as healthy control group in many researches. Actually, 'healthy smokers' are not healthy. This narrative review focuses on the smoking related pathophysiologic changes mainly in the respiratory system of healthy smokers, including inflammation and immune changes, genetic alterations, structural changes and pulmonary dysfunction. |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 122 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 18 | 15% |
Researcher | 11 | 9% |
Student > Master | 10 | 8% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 10 | 8% |
Student > Postgraduate | 8 | 7% |
Other | 19 | 16% |
Unknown | 46 | 38% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 26 | 21% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 13 | 11% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 12 | 10% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 5 | 4% |
Engineering | 2 | 2% |
Other | 9 | 7% |
Unknown | 55 | 45% |