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Attention Score in Context
| Title |
Trends of insecticide resistance monitoring in mainland Tanzania, 2004–2020
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Malaria Journal, March 2023
|
| DOI | 10.1186/s12936-023-04508-3 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Patrick Tungu, Bilali Kabula, Theresia Nkya, Pendael Machafuko, Edward Sambu, Bernard Batengana, Wema Sudi, Yahaya A. Derua, Victor Mwingira, Denis Masue, Robert Malima, Chonge Kitojo, Naomi Serbantez, Erik J. Reaves, Charles Mwalimu, Samwel L. Nhiga, Mohamed Ally, Humphrey R. Mkali, Joseph J. Joseph, Adeline Chan, Jeremiah Ngondi, Shabbir Lalji, Ssanyu Nyinondi, Erin Eckert, Richard Reithinger, Stephen Magesa, William N. Kisinza |
| Abstract |
Insecticide resistance is a serious threat to the continued effectiveness of insecticide-based malaria vector control measures, such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). This paper describes trends and dynamics of insecticide resistance and its underlying mechanisms from annual resistance monitoring surveys on Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) populations conducted across mainland Tanzania from 2004 to 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) standard protocols were used to assess susceptibility of the wild female An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes to insecticides, with mosquitoes exposed to diagnostic concentrations of permethrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, bendiocarb, and pirimiphos-methyl. WHO test papers at 5× and 10× the diagnostic concentrations were used to assess the intensity of resistance to pyrethroids; synergist tests using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) were carried out in sites where mosquitoes were found to be resistant to pyrethroids. To estimate insecticide resistance trends from 2004 to 2020, percentage mortalities from each site and time point were aggregated and regression analysis of mortality versus the Julian dates of bioassays was performed. Percentage of sites with pyrethroid resistance increased from 0% in 2004 to more than 80% in the 2020, suggesting resistance has been spreading geographically. Results indicate a strong negative association (p = 0.0001) between pyrethroids susceptibility status and survey year. The regression model shows that by 2020 over 40% of An. gambiae mosquitoes survived exposure to pyrethroids at their respective diagnostic doses. A decreasing trend of An. gambiae susceptibility to bendiocarb was observed over time, but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.8413). Anopheles gambiae exhibited high level of susceptibility to the pirimiphos-methyl in sampled sites. Anopheles gambiae Tanzania's major malaria vector, is now resistant to pyrethroids across the country with resistance increasing in prevalence and intensity and has been spreading geographically. This calls for urgent action for efficient malaria vector control tools to sustain the gains obtained in malaria control. Strengthening insecticide resistance monitoring is important for its management through evidence generation for effective malaria vector control decision. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 5 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Tanzania, United Republic of | 1 | 20% |
| Unknown | 4 | 80% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 4 | 80% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 20% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 34 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 34 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Researcher | 6 | 18% |
| Student > Master | 3 | 9% |
| Student > Bachelor | 3 | 9% |
| Unspecified | 1 | 3% |
| Lecturer > Senior Lecturer | 1 | 3% |
| Other | 2 | 6% |
| Unknown | 18 | 53% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 4 | 12% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 3 | 9% |
| Unspecified | 2 | 6% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 2 | 6% |
| Immunology and Microbiology | 2 | 6% |
| Other | 4 | 12% |
| Unknown | 17 | 50% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 3. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 19 March 2023.
All research outputs
#14,063,079
of 24,052,577 outputs
Outputs from Malaria Journal
#3,487
of 5,772 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#181,250
of 431,655 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Malaria Journal
#69
of 110 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 24,052,577 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 40th percentile – i.e., 40% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 5,772 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 6.9. This one is in the 37th percentile – i.e., 37% of its peers scored the same or lower than it.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 431,655 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 56% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 110 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one is in the 36th percentile – i.e., 36% of its contemporaries scored the same or lower than it.