Title |
PHQ-9, CES-D, health insurance data—who is identified with depression? A Population-based study in persons with diabetes
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Published in |
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, March 2023
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DOI | 10.1186/s13098-023-01028-7 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Ute Linnenkamp, Veronika Gontscharuk, Katherine Ogurtsova, Manuela Brüne, Nadezda Chernyak, Tatjana Kvitkina, Werner Arend, Imke Schmitz-Losem, Johannes Kruse, Norbert Hermanns, Bernd Kulzer, Silvia M. A. A. Evers, Mickaël Hiligsmann, Barbara Hoffmann, Andrea Icks, Silke Andrich |
Abstract |
Several instruments are used to identify depression among patients with diabetes and have been compared for their test criteria, but, not for the overlaps and differences, for example, in the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the individuals identified with different instruments. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among a random sample of a statutory health insurance (SHI) (n = 1,579) with diabetes and linked it with longitudinal SHI data. Depression symptoms were identified using either the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale or the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and a depressive disorder was identified with a diagnosis in SHI data, resulting in 8 possible groups. Groups were compared using a multinomial logistic model. In total 33·0% of our analysis sample were identified with depression by at least one method. 5·0% were identified with depression by all methods. Multinomial logistic analysis showed that identification through SHI data only compared to the group with no depression was associated with gender (women). Identification through at least SHI data was associated with taking antidepressants and previous depression. Health related quality of life, especially the mental summary score was associated with depression but not when identified through SHI data only. The methods overlapped less than expected. We did not find a clear pattern between methods used and characteristics of individuals identified. However, we found first indications that the choice of method is related to specific underlying characteristics in the identified population. These findings need to be confirmed by further studies with larger study samples. |
X Demographics
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United States | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
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Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
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Unknown | 9 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Researcher | 2 | 22% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 1 | 11% |
Unspecified | 1 | 11% |
Unknown | 5 | 56% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Unspecified | 1 | 11% |
Environmental Science | 1 | 11% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 1 | 11% |
Unknown | 6 | 67% |