Title |
Defining and measuring gender: A social determinant of health whose time has come
|
---|---|
Published in |
International Journal for Equity in Health, July 2005
|
DOI | 10.1186/1475-9276-4-11 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Susan P Phillips |
Abstract |
This paper contributes to a nascent scholarly discussion of sex and gender as determinants of health. Health is a composite of biological makeup and socioeconomic circumstances. Differences in health and illness patterns of men and women are attributable both to sex, or biology, and to gender, that is, social factors such as powerlessness, access to resources, and constrained roles. Using examples such as the greater life expectancy of women in most of the world, despite their relative social disadvantage, and the disproportionate risk of myocardial infarction amongst men, but death from MI amongst women, the independent and combined associations of sex and gender on health are explored. A model for incorporating gender into epidemiologic analyses is proposed. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 3 | 11% |
United Kingdom | 2 | 7% |
Canada | 1 | 4% |
Australia | 1 | 4% |
New Zealand | 1 | 4% |
Comoros | 1 | 4% |
Unknown | 18 | 67% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 25 | 93% |
Scientists | 2 | 7% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Canada | 2 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 2 | <1% |
Ghana | 1 | <1% |
Ireland | 1 | <1% |
Malaysia | 1 | <1% |
New Zealand | 1 | <1% |
Mexico | 1 | <1% |
Puerto Rico | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Other | 0 | 0% |
Unknown | 342 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Master | 55 | 16% |
Student > Bachelor | 43 | 12% |
Researcher | 35 | 10% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 33 | 9% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 20 | 6% |
Other | 53 | 15% |
Unknown | 114 | 32% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Social Sciences | 64 | 18% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 53 | 15% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 32 | 9% |
Psychology | 23 | 7% |
Arts and Humanities | 14 | 4% |
Other | 43 | 12% |
Unknown | 124 | 35% |