Title |
Multimodal noninvasive and invasive imaging of extracranial venous abnormalities indicative of CCSVI: Results of the PREMiSe pilot study
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Published in |
BMC Neurology, October 2013
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DOI | 10.1186/1471-2377-13-151 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Robert Zivadinov, Yuval Karmon, Kresimir Dolic, Jesper Hagemeier, Karen Marr, Vesela Valnarov, Cheryl L Kennedy, David Hojnacki, Ellen M Carl, L Nelson Hopkins, Elad I Levy, Bianca Weinstock-Guttman, Adnan H Siddiqui |
Abstract |
There is no established noninvasive or invasive diagnostic imaging modality at present that can serve as a 'gold standard' or "benchmark" for the detection of the venous anomalies, indicative of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). We investigated the sensitivity and specificity of 2 invasive vs. 2 noninvasive imaging techniques for the detection of extracranial venous anomalies in the internal jugular veins (IJVs) and azygos vein/vertebral veins (VVs) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). |
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