Title |
Sex Differences in Opioid Analgesia and Addiction: Interactions among Opioid Receptors and Estrogen Receptors
|
---|---|
Published in |
Molecular Pain, January 2013
|
DOI | 10.1186/1744-8069-9-45 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Cynthia Wei-Sheng Lee, Ing-Kang Ho |
Abstract |
Opioids are widely used as the pain reliever and also notorious for being addictive drugs. Sex differences in the opioid analgesia and addiction have been reported and investigated in human subjects and animal models. Yet, the molecular mechanism underlying the differences between males and females is still unclear. Here, we reviewed the literature describing the sex differences in analgesic responses and addiction liabilities to clinically relevant opioids. The reported interactions among opioids, estrogens, opioid receptors, and estrogen receptors are also evaluated. We postulate that the sex differences partly originated from the crosstalk among the estrogen and opioid receptors when stimulated by the exogenous opioids, possibly through common secondary messengers and the downstream gene transcriptional regulators. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 3 | 50% |
Unknown | 3 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 4 | 67% |
Scientists | 1 | 17% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 17% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Colombia | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 135 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 27 | 20% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 21 | 15% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 14 | 10% |
Researcher | 14 | 10% |
Student > Master | 10 | 7% |
Other | 20 | 15% |
Unknown | 31 | 23% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Neuroscience | 30 | 22% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 17 | 12% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 13 | 9% |
Psychology | 12 | 9% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 9 | 7% |
Other | 20 | 15% |
Unknown | 36 | 26% |