Title |
Vascular measurements correlate with estrogen receptor status
|
---|---|
Published in |
BMC Cancer, April 2014
|
DOI | 10.1186/1471-2407-14-279 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Mark C Lloyd, Khalid O Alfarouk, Daniel Verduzco, Marilyn M Bui, Robert J Gillies, Muntaser E Ibrahim, Joel S Brown, Robert A Gatenby |
Abstract |
Breast carcinoma can be classified as either Estrogen Receptor (ER) positive or negative by immunohistochemical phenotyping, although ER expression may vary from 1 to 100% of malignant cells within an ER + tumor. This is similar to genetic variability observed in other tumor types and is generally viewed as a consequence of intratumoral evolution driven by random genetic mutations. Here we view cellular evolution within tumors as a classical Darwinian system in which variations in molecular properties represent predictable adaptations to spatially heterogeneous environmental selection forces. We hypothesize that ER expression is a successful adaptive strategy only if estrogen is present in the microenvironment. Since the dominant source of estrogen is blood flow, we hypothesized that, in general, intratumoral regions with higher blood flow would contain larger numbers of ER + cells when compared to areas of low blood flow and in turn necrosis. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 3 | 50% |
Unknown | 3 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Scientists | 4 | 67% |
Members of the public | 2 | 33% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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France | 1 | 3% |
Unknown | 31 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Student > Ph. D. Student | 13 | 41% |
Researcher | 6 | 19% |
Lecturer | 2 | 6% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 2 | 6% |
Other | 2 | 6% |
Other | 3 | 9% |
Unknown | 4 | 13% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 8 | 25% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 6 | 19% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 4 | 13% |
Computer Science | 2 | 6% |
Sports and Recreations | 1 | 3% |
Other | 2 | 6% |
Unknown | 9 | 28% |