Title |
Alveolar macrophages of GM-CSF knockout mice exhibit mixed M1 and M2 phenotypes
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Published in |
BMC Immunology, September 2013
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DOI | 10.1186/1471-2172-14-41 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Heidi Dalrymple, Barbara P Barna, Anagha Malur, Achut G Malur, Mani S Kavuru, Mary Jane Thomassen |
Abstract |
Activin A is a pleiotrophic regulatory cytokine, the ablation of which is neonatal lethal. Healthy human alveolar macrophages (AMs) constitutively express activin A, but AMs of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) are deficient in activin A. PAP is an autoimmune lung disease characterized by neutralizing autoantibodies to Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF). Activin A can be stimulated, however, by GM-CSF treatment of AMs in vitro. To further explore pulmonary activin A regulation, we examined AMs in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from wild-type C57BL/6 compared to GM-CSF knockout mice which exhibit a PAP-like histopathology. Both human PAP and mouse GM-CSF knockout AMs are deficient in the transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 2 | 4% |
Japan | 1 | 2% |
Unknown | 51 | 94% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Student > Ph. D. Student | 16 | 30% |
Researcher | 13 | 24% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 7 | 13% |
Student > Master | 5 | 9% |
Professor | 2 | 4% |
Other | 5 | 9% |
Unknown | 6 | 11% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Immunology and Microbiology | 13 | 24% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 10 | 19% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 9 | 17% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 8 | 15% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 3 | 6% |
Other | 2 | 4% |
Unknown | 9 | 17% |