IntroductionPatients with severe acute exacerbations of asthma often receive inappropriate antibiotic treatment. We aimed to determine whether serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels can effectively and safely reduce antibiotic exposure in patients experiencing exacerbations of asthma.MethodsIn this randomized controlled trial, a total of 216 patients requiring hospitalization for severe acute exacerbations of asthma were screened for eligibility to participate in this study and 169 completed 12-month follow-up visit. Patients were randomized to either PCT-guided (PCT group) or standard antimicrobial therapy (control group). In the control group, patients received antibiotics according to the attending physician; in the PCT group, patients received antibiotics according to an algorithm based on serum PCT levels. The primary endpoint was antibiotic exposure; secondary endpoints were clinical recovery, length of hospital stay, clinical and laboratory parameters, spirometry, numbers of asthma exacerbations, emergency room visits, hospitalizations and need for corticosteroid use due to asthma.ResultsPCT guidance reduced antibiotic prescription (48.9% versus 87.8%, respectively; P <0.001) and antibiotic exposure (relative risk, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.44 to 0.70; P <0.001) compared to standard therapy. There were no significant differences in clinical recovery, length of hospital stay, clinical, laboratory, spirometry outcomes in both groups. Numbers of asthma exacerbations, emergency room visits, hospitalizations and need for corticosteroid use due to asthma were similar during 12-month follow-up period.ConclusionA PCT-guided strategy allows antibiotic exposure to be reduced in patients with severe acute exacerbation of asthma without apparent harm.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Register ChiCTR-TRC-12002534. Registered 26 September 2012.