BackgroundThe objective of this study was to evaluate the carriage of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) serogroups X and Y in the health district of Kaya before the introduction of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine in Burkina Faso.MethodsA repeated cross-sectional meningococcal carriage study was conducted in 2009 in eight randomly selected villages in the health district of Kaya, Burkina Faso. In each of 4 sampling rounds at least 1,500 people were enrolled within a 1-month period.ResultsFrom a total of 6,686 throat swabs we identified 419 Nm isolates (6.27%). The dominating serogroups were Y (3.19%) and X (1.05%). Overall carriage was higher in the dry season compared with the rainy season (OR, 1.51; 95%CI, 1.06¿2.16). Carriage prevalence of serogroups Y and X varied by round and was highest at the end of the dry season (4.92% and 1.22%, respectively). The only risk factor associated with NmX carriage was vaccination status in contrast to serogroup Y, which was associated with age groups 5¿9 years and 10¿14 years.ConclusionThe presence of Nm serogroups X and Y, which could replace or be added to the serogroup A, is a warning sign. There is a need to strengthen surveillance and laboratory diagnosis of the various meningococcal serogroups circulating in Africa.