Title |
The distribution of insertionally polymorphic endogenous retroviruses in breast cancer patients and cancer-free controls
|
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Published in |
Retrovirology, August 2014
|
DOI | 10.1186/s12977-014-0062-3 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Julia H Wildschutte, Daniel Ram, Ravi Subramanian, Victoria L Stevens, John M Coffin |
Abstract |
Integration of retroviral DNA into a germ cell can result in a provirus that is transmitted vertically to the host's offspring. In humans, such endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) comprise >8% of the genome. The HERV-K(HML-2) proviruses consist of ~90 elements related to mouse mammary tumor virus, which causes breast cancer in mice. A subset of HERV-K(HML-2) proviruses has some or all genes intact, and even encodes functional proteins, though a replication competent copy has yet to be observed. More than 10% of HML-2 proviruses are human-specific, having integrated subsequent to the Homo-Pan divergence, and, of these, 11 are currently known to be polymorphic in integration site with variable frequencies among individuals. Increased expression of the most recent HML-2 proviruses has been observed in tissues and cell lines from several types of cancer, including breast cancer, for which expression may provide a meaningful marker of the disease. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Scientists | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Canada | 1 | 2% |
Brazil | 1 | 2% |
Unknown | 51 | 96% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 10 | 19% |
Researcher | 9 | 17% |
Student > Bachelor | 8 | 15% |
Student > Master | 7 | 13% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 4 | 8% |
Other | 6 | 11% |
Unknown | 9 | 17% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 18 | 34% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 9 | 17% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 8 | 15% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 5 | 9% |
Computer Science | 1 | 2% |
Other | 2 | 4% |
Unknown | 10 | 19% |