Title |
New reference genome sequences of hot pepper reveal the massive evolution of plant disease-resistance genes by retroduplication
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Published in |
Genome Biology, November 2017
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DOI | 10.1186/s13059-017-1341-9 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Seungill Kim, Jieun Park, Seon-In Yeom, Yong-Min Kim, Eunyoung Seo, Ki-Tae Kim, Myung-Shin Kim, Je Min Lee, Kyeongchae Cheong, Ho-Sub Shin, Saet-Byul Kim, Koeun Han, Jundae Lee, Minkyu Park, Hyun-Ah Lee, Hye-Young Lee, Youngsill Lee, Soohyun Oh, Joo Hyun Lee, Eunhye Choi, Eunbi Choi, So Eui Lee, Jongbum Jeon, Hyunbin Kim, Gobong Choi, Hyeunjeong Song, JunKi Lee, Sang-Choon Lee, Jin-Kyung Kwon, Hea-Young Lee, Namjin Koo, Yunji Hong, Ryan W. Kim, Won-Hee Kang, Jin Hoe Huh, Byoung-Cheorl Kang, Tae-Jin Yang, Yong-Hwan Lee, Jeffrey L. Bennetzen, Doil Choi |
Abstract |
Transposable elements are major evolutionary forces which can cause new genome structure and species diversification. The role of transposable elements in the expansion of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich-repeat proteins (NLRs), the major disease-resistance gene families, has been unexplored in plants. We report two high-quality de novo genomes (Capsicum baccatum and C. chinense) and an improved reference genome (C. annuum) for peppers. Dynamic genome rearrangements involving translocations among chromosomes 3, 5, and 9 were detected in comparison between C. baccatum and the two other peppers. The amplification of athila LTR-retrotransposons, members of the gypsy superfamily, led to genome expansion in C. baccatum. In-depth genome-wide comparison of genes and repeats unveiled that the copy numbers of NLRs were greatly increased by LTR-retrotransposon-mediated retroduplication. Moreover, retroduplicated NLRs are abundant across the angiosperms and, in most cases, are lineage-specific. Our study reveals that retroduplication has played key roles for the massive emergence of NLR genes including functional disease-resistance genes in pepper plants. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 13 | 12% |
United Kingdom | 10 | 9% |
France | 7 | 7% |
Germany | 6 | 6% |
India | 5 | 5% |
Netherlands | 4 | 4% |
Finland | 3 | 3% |
China | 2 | 2% |
Brazil | 2 | 2% |
Other | 13 | 12% |
Unknown | 41 | 39% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 59 | 56% |
Scientists | 41 | 39% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 6 | 6% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Unknown | 316 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 68 | 22% |
Researcher | 54 | 17% |
Student > Master | 38 | 12% |
Student > Bachelor | 25 | 8% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 14 | 4% |
Other | 45 | 14% |
Unknown | 72 | 23% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 164 | 52% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 48 | 15% |
Computer Science | 5 | 2% |
Chemistry | 4 | 1% |
Arts and Humanities | 3 | <1% |
Other | 10 | 3% |
Unknown | 82 | 26% |