Adjusting tidal volume to stress index in an open lung condition optimizes ventilation and prevents overdistension in an experimental model of lung injury and reduced chest wall compliance

Carlos Ferrando, Fernando Suárez-Sipmann, Andrea Gutierrez, Gerardo Tusman, Jose Carbonell, Marisa García, Laura Piqueras, Desamparados Compañ, Susanie Flores, Marina Soro, Alicia Llombart, Francisco Javier Belda

IntroductionThe stress index (SI), a parameter derived from the shape of the pressure-time curve, can identify injurious mechanical ventilation. We tested the hypothesis that adjusting tidal volume (VT) to a non-injurious SI in an open lung condition avoids hypoventilation while preventing overdistension in an experimental model of combined lung injury and low chest-wall compliance (Ccw).MethodsLung injury was induced by repeated lung lavages using warm saline solution, and Ccw was reduced by controlled intra-abdominal air-insufflation in 22 anesthetized, paralyzed and mechanically ventilated pigs. After injury animals were recruited and submitted to a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration trial to find the PEEP level resulting in maximum compliance. During a subsequent four hours of mechanical ventilation, VT was adjusted to keep a plateau pressure (Pplat) of 30 cmH2O (Pplat-group, n¿=¿11) or to a SI between 0.95 and 1.05 (SI-group, n¿=¿11). Respiratory rate was adjusted to maintaine a `normal¿ PaCO2 (35 to 65 mmHg). SI, lung mechanics, arterial-blood gases haemodynamics pro-inflammatory cytokines and histopathology were analyzed. In addition Computed Tomography (CT) data were acquired at end expiration and end inspiration in six animals..ResultsPaCO2 was significantly higher in the Pplat-group (82 versus 53mmHg, P¿=¿0.01), with a resulting lower pH (7.19 versus 7.34, P¿=¿0.01). We observed significant differences in VT (7.3 versus 5.4mlKg¿1, P¿=¿0.002) and Pplat values (30 versus 35 cmH2O, P¿=¿0.001) between the Pplat-group and SI-group respectively. SI (1.03 versus 0.99, P¿=¿0.42) and end-inspiratory transpulmonary pressure (PTP) (17 versus 18 cmH2O, P¿=¿0.42) were similar in the Pplat- and SI-groups respectively, without differences in overinflated lung areas at end- inspiration in both groups. Cytokines and histopathology showed no differences.ConclusionsSetting tidal volume to a non-injurious stress index in an open lung condition improves alveolar ventilation and prevents overdistension without increasing lung injury. This is in comparison with limited Pplat protective ventilation in a model of lung injury with low chest-wall compliance.