Title |
Immunogenicity and efficacy of oral vaccines in developing countries: lessons from a live cholera vaccine
|
---|---|
Published in |
BMC Biology, October 2010
|
DOI | 10.1186/1741-7007-8-129 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Myron M Levine |
Abstract |
Oral vaccines, whether living or non-living, viral or bacterial, elicit diminished immune responses or have lower efficacy in developing countries than in developed countries. Here I describe studies with a live oral cholera vaccine that include older children no longer deriving immune support from breast milk or maternal antibodies and that identify some of the factors accounting for the lower immunogenicity, as well as suggesting counter-measures that may enhance the effectiveness of oral immunization in developing countries. The fundamental breakthrough is likely to require reversing effects of the 'environmental enteropathy' that is often present in children living in fecally contaminated, impoverished environments. |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
Netherlands | 1 | <1% |
South Africa | 1 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Denmark | 1 | <1% |
Nigeria | 1 | <1% |
Japan | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 220 | 96% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 43 | 19% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 42 | 18% |
Student > Bachelor | 30 | 13% |
Student > Master | 24 | 11% |
Other | 13 | 6% |
Other | 31 | 14% |
Unknown | 45 | 20% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 51 | 22% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 42 | 18% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 27 | 12% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 23 | 10% |
Social Sciences | 8 | 4% |
Other | 26 | 11% |
Unknown | 51 | 22% |