Title |
Facial phenotypes in subgroups of prepubertal boys with autism spectrum disorders are correlated with clinical phenotypes
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Published in |
Molecular Autism, October 2011
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DOI | 10.1186/2040-2392-2-15 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Kristina Aldridge, Ian D George, Kimberly K Cole, Jordan R Austin, T Nicole Takahashi, Ye Duan, Judith H Miles |
Abstract |
The brain develops in concert and in coordination with the developing facial tissues, with each influencing the development of the other and sharing genetic signaling pathways. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) result from alterations in the embryological brain, suggesting that the development of the faces of children with ASD may result in subtle facial differences compared to typically developing children. In this study, we tested two hypotheses. First, we asked whether children with ASD display a subtle but distinct facial phenotype compared to typically developing children. Second, we sought to determine whether there are subgroups of facial phenotypes within the population of children with ASD that denote biologically discrete subgroups. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Japan | 38 | 20% |
United States | 3 | 2% |
North Macedonia | 1 | <1% |
China | 1 | <1% |
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of | 1 | <1% |
Netherlands | 1 | <1% |
France | 1 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Canada | 1 | <1% |
Other | 0 | 0% |
Unknown | 142 | 75% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 184 | 97% |
Scientists | 4 | 2% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 1 | <1% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 3 | 2% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
South Africa | 1 | <1% |
Brazil | 1 | <1% |
Israel | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 145 | 95% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 20 | 13% |
Researcher | 20 | 13% |
Student > Master | 20 | 13% |
Student > Bachelor | 18 | 12% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 12 | 8% |
Other | 38 | 25% |
Unknown | 25 | 16% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 34 | 22% |
Psychology | 28 | 18% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 20 | 13% |
Engineering | 9 | 6% |
Neuroscience | 9 | 6% |
Other | 22 | 14% |
Unknown | 31 | 20% |