Title |
Human milk microbiota profiles in relation to birthing method, gestation and infant gender
|
---|---|
Published in |
Microbiome, January 2016
|
DOI | 10.1186/s40168-015-0145-y |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Camilla Urbaniak, Michelle Angelini, Gregory B. Gloor, Gregor Reid |
Abstract |
Human milk is an important source of bacteria for the developing infant and has been shown to influence the bacterial composition of the neonate, which in turn can affect disease risk later in life. Very little is known about what factors shape the human milk microbiome. The goal of the present study was to examine the milk microbiota from a range of women who delivered vaginally or by caesarean (C) section, who gave birth to males or females, at term or preterm. Milk was collected from 39 Caucasian Canadian women, and microbial profiles were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing using the Illumina platform. A diverse community of milk bacteria was found with the most dominant phyla being Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and at the genus level, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus and Lactobacillus. Comparison of bacterial profiles between preterm and term births, C section (elective and non-elective) and vaginal deliveries, and male and female infants showed no statistically significant differences. The study revealed the diverse bacterial types transferred to newborns. We postulate that there may be a fail-safe mechanism whereby the mother is "ready" to pass along her bacterial imprint irrespective of when and how the baby is born. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Ireland | 4 | 18% |
United States | 2 | 9% |
Australia | 1 | 5% |
Germany | 1 | 5% |
Spain | 1 | 5% |
United Kingdom | 1 | 5% |
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | 1 | 5% |
Netherlands | 1 | 5% |
Unknown | 10 | 45% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 15 | 68% |
Scientists | 5 | 23% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 2 | 9% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 2 | <1% |
Brazil | 2 | <1% |
Canada | 1 | <1% |
Japan | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 340 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 53 | 15% |
Student > Master | 47 | 14% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 45 | 13% |
Student > Bachelor | 38 | 11% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 24 | 7% |
Other | 53 | 15% |
Unknown | 86 | 25% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 71 | 21% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 49 | 14% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 45 | 13% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 36 | 10% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 14 | 4% |
Other | 31 | 9% |
Unknown | 100 | 29% |