Title |
A multi-gene phylogeny of Cephalopoda supports convergent morphological evolution in association with multiple habitat shifts in the marine environment
|
---|---|
Published in |
BMC Ecology and Evolution, July 2012
|
DOI | 10.1186/1471-2148-12-129 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Annie R Lindgren, Molly S Pankey, Frederick G Hochberg, Todd H Oakley |
Abstract |
The marine environment is comprised of numerous divergent organisms living under similar selective pressures, often resulting in the evolution of convergent structures such as the fusiform body shape of pelagic squids, fishes, and some marine mammals. However, little is known about the frequency of, and circumstances leading to, convergent evolution in the open ocean. Here, we present a comparative study of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, a marine group known to occupy habitats from the intertidal to the deep sea. Several lineages bear features that may coincide with a benthic or pelagic existence, making this a valuable group for testing hypotheses of correlated evolution. To test for convergence and correlation, we generate the most taxonomically comprehensive multi-gene phylogeny of cephalopods to date. We then create a character matrix of habitat type and morphological characters, which we use to infer ancestral character states and test for correlation between habitat and morphology. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Japan | 6 | 16% |
United States | 4 | 11% |
Spain | 1 | 3% |
New Zealand | 1 | 3% |
United Kingdom | 1 | 3% |
Canada | 1 | 3% |
Brazil | 1 | 3% |
Thailand | 1 | 3% |
Unknown | 22 | 58% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 31 | 82% |
Scientists | 7 | 18% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 5 | 3% |
Germany | 4 | 2% |
Brazil | 3 | 2% |
Japan | 2 | 1% |
Mexico | 1 | <1% |
Czechia | 1 | <1% |
Greece | 1 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 180 | 91% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 41 | 21% |
Researcher | 35 | 18% |
Student > Bachelor | 34 | 17% |
Student > Master | 21 | 11% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 11 | 6% |
Other | 27 | 14% |
Unknown | 29 | 15% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 102 | 52% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 20 | 10% |
Earth and Planetary Sciences | 16 | 8% |
Environmental Science | 8 | 4% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 6 | 3% |
Other | 10 | 5% |
Unknown | 36 | 18% |